That the word maklak has been borrowed into English as mukluk as the name for Inuit/Yu’pik skin boots (kamguk, kameksak, piluguk, etc., in Yup’ik), probably because bearded-seal skin is used for the soles of skin boots. [57] Yup’ik parkas told the legend of this great warrior. Child's mitten of any sort is aritvacuar or aritvacuarar (in Cup'ig). Skin sewing is artistic arena in which Yup'ik women and a few younger men excel. The shapes derived from rectangles or squares fit together in several different ways. sewn on hem or hood of garment). Glove (aasgaaq, aisgaaq [Yukon], aigsaaq, aigyaaq, aiggsak [Kuskokwim], aggsak [Kuskokwim], aaggsak, aaggsaq, yuaralek in Yup'ik, agyaaq, aiygaaq in Cup'ik, asgar in Cup'ig) were usually made out of caribou or sealskin, sometimes made out of fish skin (especially Pacific salmon) or dried grass. To prepare the fish skins, they were first soaked in urine, scraped clean, and then hung outside to freeze-dry in cold weather. Parka cover or Kuspuk (qaspeq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qasper in Cup'ig) is a traditional Yup'ik garment, worn in both casual and formal settings in Alaska. Parka (atkuk sg atkuuk dual atkuut pl in Yukon-Kuskokwim, Bristol Bay and Hooper Bay-Chevak dialects, atekuk in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, atkug in Nunivak dialect) is the most common Yup'ik clothing. Sometimes a wolverine tail was fastened on the back, and the long bottom fringe might be of reindeer skin strips. And that’s what Project Atigi is: A collection of parkas handmade in Canada’s north. The parkas had two white strips on the shoulder area that meant "don’t tread on me, I’m a member of Apanuugpak’s tribe. The M-48 then being the first actual production model fishtail parka after the pattern being standardized on December 24, 1948. The outer shell material also was changed to a sage green cotton-nylon blend, with respective percentages 80–20, 65–35, and 50–50 being used at various times. The homeland of Yup'ik Eskimos is the Dfc climate type subarctic tundra ecosystem. [6] Three-cornered skin-sewing needle, three-cornered needle or glover's needle (quagulek, ipgut’lek, anguarutnguaq, ciilaq ~ ciilaviq [Nelson Island], ulunalek [Egegik] in Yup'ik, umilek in Cup'ik, quaguleg in Cup'ig) used to sew lightweight skin without pre-punching. Today metal needles have replaced the ivory and stone needles. The M-65 fishtail parka first came into production in 1968. [62] The pattern pieces (tumaqcaq sg [in the Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary as tumaqcaaq] tumaqcat pl or tumartaq sg in Yup'ik) are polygon geometric shape and like patchwork. who had been shot with an arrow in that part of his body), avan ~ avata (one of a pair of tassels on the sides of the piece of calfskin in the middle of a traditional Yup’ik parka), qemirrlugun (piece of calfskin in the middle of a traditional Yup'ik parka with three tassels hanging from it, often having a "drawn bow and arrow" or a fish-tail design stitched on it; smaller plate below the large front and back plates on parka), miryaruaq (one of two tassels on the chest and back of certain traditional Yup'ik parkas; said to represent caribou fat vomited out by Iluvaktuq, a legendary hero, when he fled his enemies), mumeq (a tassel, representing a drumstick, hanging from one of the calfskin pieces on the traditional Yup’ik qulitaq parka as worn in the coastal area), pequmiutaq (decorative small wolverine "tail" on a traditional Yup’ik parka), uulungak (piece of fringed fur (mink, squirrel belly, etc.) Traditionally, clothing may be made of a variety of skins, including bearded seal skin (maklaarem amia), hair-seal skin (nayiim amia), two-year-old spotted sea skin (useqniim amia), walrus skin (asverem amia), caribou skin (tuntum amia), calfskin (kuluviim amia), bearskin (carayiim amia), wolfskin (keglunrem amia), wolverine skin (terikaniam amia), oldsquaw duck skin (allgiaraam amia), swan skin (qugyuum amia) fish skins (neqet amiit), and others. Très bonne condition. n. Ikotak. Oct 13, 2016 - Explore Bombus polaris's board "Inuit parkas" on Pinterest. A plump Yup'ik baby trussed up in eider skin smiled from a warm, dry, cushioned world. Clothing details differs between northwestern Iñupiaq and southwestern Yup'ik Eskimo clothes. As the runs from Siberia to America became longer expeditions, the crews established hunting and trading posts of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company (later formed the basis for the Russian-American Company). She would compliment even our most clumsy efforts at … [88] The Russians encouraged the Eskimos to adopt Western-style dress in order to release more furs for trading. The name fishtail comes from the fish tail extension at the back that could be folded up between the legs, much like a Knochensack, and fixed using snap connectors to add wind-proofing. People wore waterproof salmon-skin mittens to keep their hands dry while kayaking, driving a dog sled, or working with fish nets. Edward S. Curtis (1930) mentions animal-head caps worn during the Messenger Feast. [12], Squirrel-skin parka (uulungiiq in Yup'ik) is a parka decorated with a fringe of squirrel bellies (uulungak). [5] The tengqucuk is a tip of parka hood; the kak’acuk is a pompon on tip of parka hood or hat; the kakauyaq is a decoration at the crown of the hood of a young woman's traditional Yup’ik parka that consists of strands of red, black, and, white beads or strips of calfskin; the menglairun is a strip of fur between the ruff and hood of a parka. And even the fur of an unborn pup was used as a favorite trimming for clothing.[71]. These parkas featured synthetic fur on the hoods after an outcry from the fur lobby. [70] Sealskin parkas were the most common type in The multi-functional ulu (semilunar woman's knife) is used to process and cut skins for clothing and footwear. [6] Yup'iks sewed using caribou (tuntut yualuit, tuntut ivaluit), moose (tuntuviit yualuit, tuntuviim eglua) or beluga (cetuat yualuit) sinews as thread in the old days. Women wore similar headdresses, which remain a part of modern Yup’ik dance regalia for both sexes. [51], Gut or intestines (qilu, qiluq, qiluk sg qiluit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qilu in Cup'ig) and large intestines (qilurpak sg qilurpiit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, qilurpag in Cup'ig) were used to make waterproof raincoat parkas and boots. Bite off pieces with your teeth — Mikiak. "malamute"), this is noted in this list only in the etymology.) A sealskin parka for a woman or man required five skins. [8] The common puffin is smaller, so six knots and four extra skins were required for a man's parka, five knots and four extra for a woman's. There were never more than 823 Russians in the colony. A wooden hunting hat shaded a man's eyes against waves, spray, and glare. . [8] Parkas made of cormorant skins were worn only by women. Sole of boot (alu ~ aluq sg aluk dual alut pl [also means sole of foot] in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, atungar in Cup'ig) is the bottom of a boot, in contact with the ground. Inuit equivilant of Adam. This conical bentwood hats worn by men for when hunting seals amid floating sea ice during spring seal hunting and during the Bladder Festival (Nakaciuryaraq), when the souls of seals are returned to the sea. The EX-48 parka is distinctive as it has a left sleeve pocket and is made of thin poplin, only the later production M-48 parkas are made of the heavier sateen canvas type cotton. It was designed for use in areas with temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C). [35][39][40] The pugugyug (in Cup'ig) is design on caguyar, the legcicuar (in Cup'ig, literally "small gaff") is small gaff attached to caguyar. Both men's and women's parka hoods were finished with a large hood cover, known as "sunshine ruff" or "sunburst ruff" made from strips of wolverine and fox. Large salmon skins were prepared for boots by sewing up the fin holes. The wings, with bones removed, were left on and stuck out at the sides. Not only did people prize bird skins for parka material, but they used their feathers and bones for many things such as fire-bath hats, dance fans, dust brooms, needle cases, even peashooters.[22]. — Adlak. [2][15], The black skin of wolf fish (Anarhichas sp. to the end of the fingertips of the outstreched arm and hand; cagner (in Cup'ig) measurement between tips of fingers on opposing hands when arms are extended out from the sides of the body; ikuyegarneq (in Yup'ik) ikuyegarner (in Cup'ig) measurement from one's elbow to the end of his fist; ikuyegneq (in Yup'ik) measurement from one's elbow to end of his outstretched fingertips; iqelqin (in Yup'ik) measurement from the tip of one's thumb to the tip of one's index fingers are stretched out from each other; itegneq (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip of toes to end of heel; foot (in length); it’ganeq (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip of toes to end of heel; foot (in length); malruneq (in Yup'ik) measurement of the width at their ends of the index finger and the middle finger held next to each other; naparneq (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip of extended thumb to opposite side fist; patneq (in Yup'ik) measurement, the width of the four fingers (thumb excluded) of one's hand; pingayuneq (in Yup'ik) measurement of the width at their ends of the index finger, the middle finger, and the ring finger held next to each other; pupsuneq (in Yup'ik) measurement from the thumb (outer edge of nail) to the second joint of the index finger curled up with section from tip to first joint along inner edge of thumb; qerruuner (in Cup'ig) measurement from fingertip to armpit or chest; quruner (in Cup'ig) measurement from fingertip to the armpit or chest; tallineq (in Yup'ik) measurement from one's fingertips to his armpit with the arm (and hand) outstretched; 'tallinin (in Yup'ik) measurement from the extremity of one’s fist to his armpit with the arm outstretched; taluyaneq (in Yup'ik) measurement, the distance from the folded elbow of one outstretched arm to the ends of the fingertips of the other outstretched arm; teklin (in Yup'ik) measurement from the tip of the thumb to tip of index finger when each is stretched out away from the other; tekneq (in Yup'ik) measurement being the width of the last section of one’s index finger; tumagneq (in Yup'ik) measurement of the width of the palm (flattened and with the fingers and thumb held together); tusneq (in Yup'ik) measurement being the width from the outside edge of one should to the outside edge of the other; yegyameg (in Cup'ig) from elbow (measuring to tip of hand). The tassels, it is said, represent fingers. [15], Snow goggles (niguak ~ niiguak dual or nigaugek dual nigauget pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, igguag in Cup'ig) is old-style snow goggles made out of wood with narrow slits, which admit only a little light. Yup'iks use wolverine skins for parka ruffs. Reindeer … Caribou … What’s the Difference? It was also cheaper than the M-48 to mass-produce Men's fancy parkas are no longer made, although a few elders still recall their forms and decoration. stories a traditional and still common activity of young girls and are told by children of all ages in Yup’ik-speaking Eskimo villages in Alaska. The kumegneq is parka ruff edging near the face. The word anorak comes from the Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) word annoraaq. They used them for traveling when they wore parkas without hoods. They are used for a broad range of jobs such as skinning and butchering carcasses, removing fat from skins, preparing meals, cutting skins for skin boats, and collecting shoe grass, as well as far sewing clothing and footwear. [33] The nasqurrun used to be worn by men at some frequencies. Socks (ilupeqsaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, ilupeqsar in Cup'ig) is as liner for boots. Parka ruff (negiliq, atkuum negilia, asguruaq in Yup'ik, legiliq, ayguruaq in Cup'ik, amraq in Egegik Yup'ik;, ulganaqin Cup'ig, but negili in Cup'ig, as means "edge of hood where ruff is attached; edge of kuspuk hood; halo around the sun") is parka's ruff, but not Western style ruff collar. Mt. Long waterproof dehaired sealskin or fish-skin (salmon-skin)[18] mitten is (arilluk sg arilluuk dual arilluut pl, arin in Yup'ik, arillugar in Cup'ig). Puppies one and two months old were killed for the purpose. These patterns all follow a few rules. Mainland furs that have been used in recent times but not in the past include ground squirrels received from the people of Nelson Island who, in turn, obtained them from the Kuskokwim River, and wolverine used primarily for trim. The designers come from nine communities in Nunavut, Northwest … [19], Fish skin parka (qasperrluk in Yup'ik; derived from qaspeq "parka cover kuspuk" and the postbase -rrluk "N that has departed from its natural state (often, though not always, with an undesirable connotation)", amirag in Cup'ig) is a kind of fish-skin clothing (amiragglugaq) also that could serve as a tent. Well, at a time when I had little instruction in how to be a “proper” Inuit lady, Rosemary’s Ananaksaq filled in the gaps. [8], Bird skin parka (tamacenaq in Yup'ik) made from skins of birds of the Alcidae, Anatidae, Gaviidae, and Laridae families. When needed the skins were taken from storage, rubbed between the hands with a rotary motion, and chewed as necessary to soften and loosen tissue that had not previously been removed. The words anorak and parka have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. [9] Some elements (certain stitches, tassels, specific strips of fur, beads and shapes of hide) on a parka represent specific parts of an historic story. When translated into English, the Inuktitut word “atigi” means “parka”. ", Jerry Lipka and Dora Andrew-Ihrke (2009). Bitch dog in heat — Malikatâk. There are many regional differences in the design and function of these tools. The Russian fur traders or promyshlennikis of the Russian-American Company during the Russian America encouraged the Eskimos to adopt Western-style dress in order to release more furs for trading. Yup'ik clothing patterns also provided a means for teaching geometry and could be used to teach literacy. Sufficient puffins for a parka could be obtained in exchange for one bearded seal skin. Although the design is of Inuit invention, the word parka is of Russian derivation, meaning "reindeer fur coat." Another Akulmiut design, less commonly used, was the "bow and arrow" design. [50], Trim (naqyutkaun in Cup'ig) on parka, hat, and boot is decorative trimming elements such as patchwork pieces or tassel. The Inuktitut word “atigi” means “parka,” and their expertise in making the original version of the popular urban coat is born from necessity, since they live in a formidable climate. The yualunguaq (in Yup'ik) is sinew thread for fish-skin. Yup'ik men from the Yukon Kuskokwim area wore knee-length (or longer) hooded parkas with straight hemlines. Then the garment was shaken out and hung up to dry. [20], Hood ruff (negiliq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, negili in Cup'ig) is not similar neck ruff. The Caribou Inuit invented this kind of garment, originally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Jill Elizabeth Oakes (1991), "Regional variations in bird skin preparation techniques and parka designs". Loon skin socks made from the birdskin of loon (Gavia).[22]. [53] Significantly, the Yup'ik Eskimos categorize the Apanuugpak stories as historical narratives (qanemcit) rather than mythical tales (qulirat). spruce), walrus ivory, bone or caribou antler, and sometimes made with coarse seashore grass. Dried grass was used to make insulating socks, and as a waterproof thread. In the 1960s UK, the fishtail parka became a symbol of the mod subculture. But after Euro-American contact with Alaska, female-only use got codified, and that's pretty much the way it is now. Colloquially, the skirted version is called Kuskokwim style kuspuk, while the skirtless type is called Yukon style kuspuk. The later more mass-produced M-51 parka had just the one cuff button. [3] It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas. In the past fish-skin boots were made with depilated soles of bearded seal, ankle straps, and a casing sewn to the upper edge of the leg. Leslie A. Viereck and Elbert L. Little, Jr. (1975) . The hide cut in a spiral pattern producing a long narrow strip of babiche is aqsarqelleq (in Unaliq-Pastuliq Yup'ik). Parkas were made from a wide variety of materials including reindeer, squirrel, muskrat, bird, and fish skins, as well as intestines. Yup'ik clothing (Yup'ik aturaq sg aturak dual aturat pl, aklu, akluq, un’u ; also, piluguk in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, aklu, cangssagar, un’u in Nunivak dialect) refers to the traditional Eskimo-style clothing worn by the Yupik people of southwestern Alaska. "Anorak" redirects here. kinauvi- who are you? Following the end of the Second World War the US army recognized the need for a new cold weather combat system, resulting in four main styles of fishtail parka: the EX-48, M-48, M-51 and the M-65. kiviuq-the first inuit man. The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for military use, mainly for flight crews stationed in extremely cold areas. [4] The atkupiaq is the most popular type of woman's parka among the Yup'ik living along the Kuskokwim River and in the Kuskokwim Bay area. "[58], Armbands (kayurun in Yup'ik, Cup'ik, and Cup'ig) is biceps straps used in dancing by dance song director. The raw materials of traditional Yup'ik clothing are skin (hide) and fur (pelt), intestine (gut), sinew, and grass. The main body of these caps, worn at dances, was usually made of squirrel skins with a crown and borders of white reindeer fawn skin. Also known as Cup'ik clothing for the Chevak Cup'ik-speaking people of Chevak and Cup'ig clothing for the Nunivak Cup'ig-speaking people of Nunivak Island. A round needle was used because a triangular needle would split the skin.[6][20]. The fishtail parka was first used by the United States Army in 1950 during the Korean War. [31] Nunivaarmiut Cup'ig men wore caps with many strips of fur hanging from the bottom edge over the neck and shoulders. An atkupiaq is a signifier that tells a story to Yup'ik wievers, much like the robes worn by Alaska Natives of the Northwest Coast (as Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian). [24] During the 19th century, many Yup'iks along the coast between the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers wore bird skins. During the years 1799–1867, the number of Russians averaged 550 persons. It is worn by both men and women, but men's boots are larger than women's. Designed primarily for combat arms forces such as infantry, they are to be worn over other layers of clothing; alone, the fishtail parka is insufficient to protect against "dry cold" conditions (i.e. The EX-48 also has a thin fibre glass based liner that is very light and warm, the M-48 has a thicker wool pile liner with an integral hood liner made of wool. It features a removable quilted liner made of light nylon / polyester batting which are modern synthetic materials. It gained the common name of "snorkel parka" because the hood can be zipped right up leaving only a small tunnel (or snorkel) for the wearer to look out of. The caribou, moose, and beluga whale tendons were made sinew used for thread to sew with. [35][36][37], Semi-conical open Hunting hat or bentwood visor, wooden visor, hunting visor (elqiaq, ciayaq in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, elqiar, caguyag in Cup'ig, also caguyaq in Sugpiaq ~ Alutiiq, originally borrowed from Aleut ~ Unangan chagudax̂ (Eastern)[38] chaxudax̂ (Western) during the Russian America era) is semi-conical shaped bentwood men's hunting hat decorated with feathers or traditional wooden visor to protect the eyes from the sun's glare, eyeshade. [35] Snow goggles were carved from driftwood (esp. According to the company's website, "atigi" is an Inuit word that translates to "parka" in English. ". Feathers may have been added to assist the transformation of hunters into birds, as described in oral tradition. Women wore slightly shorter parkas with U-shaped front and back flaps.[6]. Narrow strips of sealskin were sewn on a man's pants at the waist in front and in the seam of a woman's trouser-boots as fringe or tassel decoration. Because of their practicality, cheapness and availability from military surplus shops, the parka was seen as the ideal garment for fending off the elements and protecting smarter clothes underneath from grease and dirt when on the mod's vehicle of choice, the scooter. "Even though they do wear Euro-American clothing and footwear, they still use original Yup’ik clothing, . The hand-twisted sinew thread is yualukiuraq (in Yup'ik) or qip'ar (in Cup'ig). [86] Approximately half of the fur traders were Russians such as promyshlenniki from various European parts of the Russian Empire or from Siberia. [2], Qaliluk (qaliluk sg qaliluuk dual qaliluut pl in Yup'ik, qalilurrlugar in Cup'ig) is man's hoodless caribou-skin or reindeer-skin parka. [42] goggles were created in various styles by artists from different regions, and they often resembled animals underscoring a pervasive Native theme of human-animal transformation. Waterproof mukluks or waterproof boots are, Ivruciq (ivruciq sg ivrucik dual ivruciit pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, ivrucir in Cup'ig)[18] is waterproof sealskin boot with fur inside worn by men; At'arrlugaq (at'ayagglugar in Cup'ig [in the Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary as at'arrlugaq]) is women's thigh-high sealskin waterproof hip boot; Qalluwit (qalluwit in Cup'ig) is high waterproof boots for young; Mamlek (mamlek [Yukon] in Yup'ik) is thigh-high skin boots with fur above the knee and waterproof material below the knee. Yup’ik pattern-makers use rectangles, squares, rhombi, and right triangles in different sizes to create a variety of interesting symmetrical patterns similar to linear frieze patterns. Plants (naunraq sg naunraat pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, naucir(ar) in Cup'ig), The Russian colonization of the Americas by the Russian Empire covers the period from 1732 to 1867. Très bonne condition. They make the garments for themselves, as gifts, for non-Inuit who work in the Arctic or for sale to tourists. [4] Some snow goggles are carved in the form of an animal mask. Birds (tengmiaq sg tengmiak dual tengmiat pl or yaqulek sg yaqulgek dual yaqulget pl in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, tengmiar sg tengmiag dual tengmiat pl in Cup'ig) are used mostly for garment as parka (eider, duck, murre, guillemot, auklet, puffin, kittiwake, cormorant, owl) or cap (puffin, eider, murre) and tool as needle (crane). adopted the orange lining and a slimmer fit when producing their VF59 model parka which is now more popular than the military version. Nunivaarmiut ac'iqer ciuqaleg (in Cup'ig) is men's fancy skin boot with wolverine in front. The researchers had previously shown that there were differences in parka design between Akulmiut (in the present-day tundra villagers of Nunapitchuk, Kasigluk, and Atmautluak), the coast (Caninermiut), lower Kuskokwim (Kusquqvagmiut) and lower Yukon (Pastulirmiut, Kuigpagmiut) river areas, and natives could identify villages that shared a design. The fur of the wolf and wolverine are utilized by the Alaska Natives for parka trimming. [12] Trapping of furbearing animals (melqulek literally "one with fur, one having fur", derived from melquq and the postbase -lek) provides a large part of the income earned by the Alaska Natives as well as many of the white residents of Southwestern Alaska. Moose-leg skins are used when they are available. Knit cap-like Dance headdress or dance cap, dance hat (nacarrluk in Yup'ik, literally "bad hat") is a beaded headdress worn by young girls to keep their caarrluk (dust and scent) from injuring others. In a literal sense, that’s the story behind this initiative: Canada Goose partnered with Inuit designers to make a one-of-a-kind parka … Beautiful 70s Vintage Inuit Parka Blue with Flower Appliques/ Vintage Inuit Parka Small Blue / Retro Boiled Wool Parka with Floral Appliques PearlAndParkdale. The M-65 fishtail parka has a detachable hood and was the last revision. Traditionally, virtually all parkas worn by the Nunivaarmiut were made from the skins of seals, caribou, or birds; the skins of reindeer have been used in more recent times. They only put decorations on women's boots. [8] Bird skin parkas were shaped like those made of animal skin, but because of the great thickness of the feathers and the general bulk, they did not have fur strips, beading, and other decoration. Mittens of silver salmon skins which reached to the elbow were worn by men when hunting in a kayak in spring. [2] In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin". Storyknifing (yaaruilta literally "let's go story knife!") On older parkas, the border was lined with a band of calfskin with fine decorative stitching, symbolizing footprints on snow. [49] This boots made of caribou leg skins were sewn using the front of the caribou's back leg on the boot's front and the back of its front leg on the boot's back; this avoided the skin that was worn thin by the animal's habit of kneeling to forage.[12][18]. [8] A cagoule could be rolled up into a very compact package and carried in a bag or pocket. The outer hood of the M-51 Fishtail Parka is integral to the parka shell, an added hood liner as well as a button in main liner make the M-51 a versatile 3 piece parka. Black beetle — Minnguk. The fur ruff on the hood is also fixed to the shell of an EX-48/M-48 and is of wolf, coyote or often wolverine. [6] The crotch of pants or body (amlek sg amelgek dual in Yup'ik). The more yellow, non-flexible gut is prepared in less severe weather conditions and is called "summer gut". [8], In addition to being addressed as kin by one's namesake's relations, a person Continues a special relationship with these people. From shop PearlAndParkdale. Bitch (female dog) — Annaligiak. Sealskin mittens were frequently made from leftover pieces of skin after boots were cut from them. 5: Southwestern Alaska, Eskimo Essays: Yup'ik Lives and How We See Them, The Alaska Native Reader: History, Culture, Politics, Living With Old Things: Iñupiaq Stories, Bering Strait Histories, A two way process for developing culturally based math: examples from math in a cultural context, Connections between classroom management and culturally responsive teaching, Adapting assessment instruments for an Alaskan context, Ethnomathematics applied to classrooms in Alaska: Math in a cultural context, Wildlife Action Plan Section IIIB: Alaska's 32 Ecoregions, "Ice Seal Research: Movements and Habitat Use Studies", "Ataam Taikina: traditional knowledge and conservation ethics in the Yukon River Delta, Alaska", "The Subsistence History of Seals and Sea Lions by Alaska Natives in the Norton Sound-Bering Strait Region, Alaska, 1996-97: Technical Paper No. Animal carvings were added as hunting charms. Kuskokwim styles of parka decoration were far more elaborate. It did not appear in English until 1924; an early definition is "a beaded item worn by Greenland women or brides in the 1930s". The inner parka will be added, with the fur facing our body (yes, we’ll need a shirt or other kind of lining! Fish-skin boots (amirak ~ amiraq sg amiriik dual in Yup'ik and Cup'ik) are waterproof skin boot made of fish skin. They directed the drumming and singing with feathered enirarautet (pointing sticks or dance sticks). Woven seashore grass liners went inside for warmth. The fur of the wolf, and wolverine have little commercial value in the fur market but are utilized by the Alaska Natives for parka trimming. [3], Women's parkas in the Yukon River area were longer than men's, with rounded hems and side splits that reached almost to the waist. [19] The gut parka (raincoat) was and still is the most effective against wet weather, and was once prized by the Russian occupants as overall the best protection against the elements. Tendon (also with means "sinew" or "thread" yualuq sg yualuit pl or eglu ~ egluq in Yup'ik, ivalu ~ ivaluq in Cup'ik and Egegik Yup'ik, iwalu in Cup'ig) are made of thick, closely packed bundles of collagen fibers. Trappers prize this fur because the texture of wolverine hair also keeps it from absorbing moisture. The Yup'ik preferred bone or ivory needle cases made with stoppers at each end.