0000003665 00000 n /Size 1088 TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. It grounded a contentious subject in concrete data at a time when arguments surrounding it were characterized more by emotion than evidence—and it made a forceful case that race-conscious admissions were successfully helping to promote equal … INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. No work tells tions in general. Educational policies, programs, and practices emerge from the mission of the institution (Kuh, Schuh, Whitt, Bok and Bowen state that the journey from college admissions through career and family life is akin to moving down a long, winding river with many varied conditions. %���� Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Qualification Test scores). Bowen, William, and Derek Bok. Consistent with the research of Bowen and Bok (1998), McDowell (1992) and Jones et al. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Derek Curtis Bok; Anne Bowen; Elle Kennedy; Jeremy Bowen; Jim Bowen; James Bowen; Will Bowen; Rhys Bowen; Sarina Bowen; John Bowen; Laura Bowen ; Kelly Bowen; See more; New Arrivals. International Shipping Eligible; Availability. One of the first problems is the validity of the matriculation exams for Palestinian Arab students, which are a basic requirement for pursuing higher education in Israel. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY. It is nevertheless encouraging that even 14 percent of the black matriculants were from families so deprived. 0000003309 00000 n 1 'pThy Linda Chavez. x�+ r r /Prev 726780 River Runs True. But while the preference is smaller than at the most selective colleges, the impact on many students is larger (Thomas Kane's data indicate that black and Hispanic students receive an 8 percent to 10 percent preference at the most academically selective fifth of four-year institutions, but only a 3 percent preference at schools ranked in the fourth of the five tiers). >> endobj Rosen, “Damage Control.” ↩ 27 ↩ 26. November 1998 ()INTRODUCTION. First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. 2003; Bowen and Bok 1998; Greenberg 2002). First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. It grounded a contentious subject in concrete data at a time when arguments surrounding it were characterized more by emotion than evidence—and it made a forceful case that race-conscious admissions were successfully helping to promote equal … . Almost all leading colleges and professional schools strongly support it. Bowen and Bok (1998) con-clude that minorities receive a greater premium for attend-ing a top-tier school than white students, and Kane (1998) finds that the gains associated with attending a more selec-tive college are higher for those with lower test scores. >> Should they lose out because they test so badly? ''Eliminating racial differences in test performance,'' Jencks and Phillips write, ''would also allow colleges, professional schools and employers to phase out the racial preferences that have caused so much political trouble over the past generation.'' xڝW�n�8}�W��6pdɗ�n���1��^[i�@_h���ȢJRqݯ�ʖ/��ED&9�3��_�N���{��O��rܶ}6��ԅ���U��������yv�u��>����ύ��t�/��xTk�5��?�ݴ���?L��nw�۹����MG��މ��d��u��"���? Robert M Solow letter replies to Alan Wolfe's Oct 25 review of William G Bowen and Derek Bok's book, The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of … The best of these students will attend colleges that are somewhat selective, and which therefore still exercise some degree of racial preference in admissions. /O 1073 First person: New book strengthens argument for affirmative action The argument about affirmative action in colleges and universities has been put on an entirely new and much more solid footing by virtue of the publication of The Shape of the River: The Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions.. Google Scholar . Despite their lower SAT scores, black graduates of the nation's selective colleges are active participants in civic life. Of all the facts presented in these two sobering books, the most important is this: When we debate using racial preferences to admit more black and Hispanic students to the nation's best colleges, we are considering the fate of a shockingly small number of people. Bowen and Bok, 1998;) םהלש עדיה תא םילגמ םישנא םהבש םינפואה תא תכוותמו יכ הלגמ ,לשמל ,( 1982 ) Astin לש ורקחמ . (Even Bowen and Bok are obligated not to reveal the names of the five institutions whose admissions policies they examine in detail.) The Shape of the River is the most far-reaching and comprehensive study of its kind. Bowen, William G.; Bok, Derek This book examines issues of race in college admission through analysis of data from the College and Beyond database, a study of the college careers and subsequent lives of over 45,000 students of all races who had attended academically selective universities between the 1970s and early 1990s. The real problem arises among those black high school graduates who never fully recover from their initial disadvantage in testing and who therefore wind up scoring in the 800-1000 range on SAT's. They may well be correct. 1072 0 obj 'blacks have less academic aptitude than whites' as claims that blacks are innately inferior.'' demonstrates why affirmative action programs can be good for the country. See Bowen and Bok, The Shape of the River, p. 50. 1998. 2005. even more evident at elite research institutions (Bowen and Bok, 1998). But the absence of hard information is also due to the policies of educational institutions themselves, which keep secret the kinds of data which would shed light on who gets admitted to them and who does not -- and why. Bowen and Bok's book, "The Shape of the River," released Thursday by Princeton University Press, shows us what the UC system, the state and the nation will … ↩ 26. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar. Bowen, William G., and Derek Bok. The most selective colleges admit smaller percentages of black students than less selective colleges (Soares 2007, 174–75), and black students are also much less likely than white students to attend and graduate from highly selective institutions (Alon and Tienda 2007; Bowen and Bok 1998; Carnevale and Rose 2003). 0 . The database on which this study rests includes more than 80,000 undergraduates from 28 selective institutions. /L 748257 Still, Bowen and Bok conclude that the overall picture proves that minority students are not ''overmatched'' in comparison with whites admitted with much higher SAT scores to the nation's top schools. Both volumes are masterly in their technical use of data and sensitive to the limits of what data can reveal. Rosen, “Damage Control.” ↩ 27 … Hoxby (1998) and Brewer, Eide, and Ehrenberg (1999) find some evidence that this return to selectivity has increased during the last few decades. William G. Bowen and Derek Bok's "The Shape of the River. But a high proportion of those students were again the beneficiaries of lower standards for blacks and Hispanics. October 25, 1998, Section 7, Page 15 Buy Reprints. Bowen and Bok interpret these facts to mean that an increase in the size of the black middle class justifies racial preferences. . Firm conclusions are hard to come by, and some of the authors disagree with the hypotheses suggested by others. by Scott Williams April 11, 2000. . Bowen, Bok, And Others. ↩ 25. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Goals of the Admissions Process ..... 148 B. In their chapter in ''The Black-White Test Score Gap,'' William R. Johnson, who teaches economics at the University of Virginia, and Derek Neal, a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, show that wage differentials between black and white male workers can be attributed largely to differences in the acquisition of basic verbal and mathematical skills. >> A chapter in the Jencks and Phillips collection calls this ''disturbing'' and adds that ''most sobering of all, the performance gap is greatest for the black students with the highest SAT's.'' /Info 1070 0 R By the age of 6, black vocabulary scores match those of whites who are 5. $24.95, cloth. There is no more important step to be taken along the road to racial justice than building and strengthening a black middle class. 0000003107 00000 n Conger and Kanungo (1998:3) tows Bowen and Lawler’s (1995:5) that the concept of employee empowerment is not just about improving institutional abilities and internal entrepreneurship of employees, but also the process of enabling the perception of self-empowerment applications. The pervasive use of such tests, he adds, constitutes a ''selection system bias,'' because relying on the tests rather than performance will invariably discriminate against blacks and Hispanic applicants. is the subject of The Shape of the River--Long Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions by William G. Bowen and Derek Bok. stream A gap between blacks and whites on intelligence tests appears when children are 4 years old. Brown-Nagin, Tomiko. It is nevertheless encouraging that even 14 percent of the black matriculants were from families so deprived. The institutions we chose to sample mirror those examined by Bowen and Bok (1998) in their College and Beyond Survey. endobj First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. Facts have been sorely missing in accounts of the role played by race in admissions to institutions of higher education. endstream But it would be wrong to conclude from ''The Shape of the River'' that affirmative action works. 0000001345 00000 n 0000003084 00000 n endobj Educational policies, programs, and practices emerge from the mission of the institution (Kuh, Schuh, Whitt, and Associates, 1991). The mission of an institution of higher education tells us what a college or university is about, what it values, what it holds to be true. /E 42237 Bowen, William G. and Derek Bok. In addition, SAT scores, while important, are not a one-to-one stand-in for merit; not only do they predict academic performance poorly, they also say little about who will contribute most to other students or will become eventual leaders in their fields. endstream The elusive graduate degree has a greater impact in helping to close the economic gap between the White and the Black middle class than any other factor (Bowen and Bok, 1998). ing to William G. Bowen and Derek Bok (1998), legacies had a two to one admissions advan-tage over non-legacies. When principle is at stake, facts become conveniences to be cited when helpful and to be explained away when harmful. <> Their book unintentionally fuels rather than quenches the passions over affirmative action. . Last 30 days; Last 90 days; Next 90 days; Global Store. First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. Some of the evidence collected by Bowen and Bok confirms this; in less selective institutions, black graduation rates six years after entering college are significantly lower than white graduation rates. In ''The Shape of the River,'' William G. Bowen and Derek Bok -- former presidents of Princeton and Harvard Universities -- seek ''to build a firmer foundation of fact'' under America's affirmative action debate. Getting into and graduating from one of these colleges may well play a more significant role in the life prospects of a medium-range SAT scorer of either race than graduation from a top college plays for a high scorer of either race, for these are the colleges that historically made it possible to move from the working class into the middle class. About the Book. %%EOF The mission of an institution of higher education tells us what a college or university is about, what it values, what it holds to be true. Köp Evan Help Us av Rhys Bowen på Bokus.com. /T 726791 They also matter. Nonetheless, Jencks writes, ''the skill differences that the tests measure are real.'' An even greater number of minority high school students will score so low on the SAT's or equivalent tests that they will not go to college at all or will attend technical schools and community colleges. Considering Race in College and University Admissions by William G. Bowen and Derek Bok. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Long Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions" (Princeton, September 1998) breaks this mold. Reviewed by Ihan Kim* I. Pris: 69 kr. A co-author of that chapter is William G. Bowen. 1073 0 obj Whether the metaphor used is the “pipeline” or Bowen and Bok's Shape of the River (Bowen & Bok, 1998), the educational system loses many minority students during the undergraduate years. 1998. See Jeffrey Rosen, “Damage Control,” The New Yorker, February 23 and March 2, 1998, p. 58. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n20 p120-22 Sum 1998. from diversity on campus, and addressing long-term societal needs (Bowen and Bok, 1998, p. 278). . 0000003191 00000 n /Filter/FlateDecode >> Are the tests biased? Shulman, Thomas I. Nygren, Stacy Berg Dale and Lauren A. Meserve. trailer One effect of taking race into account into account in the admissions process is that among applicants with combined SAT scores in the low 1200 range, a black applicant is three times as likely to get into an elite college as a white applicant. 1 'pThy Linda Chavez. . 1075 0 obj . 2 Much of the past research using the C&B data (such as Bowen and Bok (1998) and Dale and Krueger (2002)) 2 The C&B schools include Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Columbia University, Denison College, Duke University, Emory University, Georgetown University, Hamilton College, Howard University, Kenyon College, Miami University of Ohio, Morehouse College, Northwestern University, … 2The 10 institutions were drawn from the 34 colleges and universities that Bowen and Bok (1998) included in their College and Beyond data set. The material assembled by Jencks and Phillips helps explain why that group is so large. (The corresponding numbers for whites were 8,239 and 16,216.) Pages 11 This preview shows page 8 - 10 out of 11 pages. By the age of 17, black scores are equal to those of white 13-year-olds. dent bodies (Bowen and Bok 1998; Karabel 2005; NACAC 2006). information, Bowen and Bok tically sophisticated-will mark a present an analysis that is care- watershed in national discussions * .~ ful, clear, comprehensive, and, of affirmative action and race rela- above all, candid. There are nonetheless good reasons to do our best to overcome this gap. DEREK BOK & WILLIAM BOWEN, THE SHAPE OF THE RIVER: LONG. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. The bonus is so large because, in 1995, 70 African-Americans scored over 700 on the verbal portions of the SAT; 221 more scored over 650. . in Bowen and Bok 1998:6). . See Bowen and Bok, The Shape of the River, p. 50. As Phillips and her colleagues point out, we could eliminate at least half, and probably more, of the black-white test score gap at the end of the 12th grade by eliminating the differences that exist before children enter first grade. /Linearized 1 First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. >> startxref 0000000872 00000 n . Bowen and Bok (1998) cite the large numbers of black students accepted to the best law, medical, and other graduate schools as evidence of the success of affirmative action admissions. River Runs True. endobj rung in the economic ladder (Bowen 1978; Bowen and Bok 1998; Boyer and Hechinger 1981; Nuñez 1998; Nuñez and Cuccaro-Alamin 1998; Pascarella and Terenzini 2005; Trow 2001), as college graduates on average earn almost a million dollars more over the course of their working lives than those with only a high school diploma (Pennington 2004). 2The 10 institutions were drawn from the 34 colleges and universities that Bowen and Bok (1998) included in their College and Beyond data set. 0000000015 00000 n ... Reference: Embracing Diversity in Marketing Education The five or six most competitive colleges, in other words, fight over the 300 or so African-Americans with the highest scores; the next 20 or 30 colleges, still top ranked, have to drop down to those scoring in the 1200's or below if they want their student bodies to reflect the percentage of the population that is black or Hispanic -- all the while rejecting many white applicants with much higher scores. Across the United States, in courts, classrooms, and the media, Americans are divided over the use of race in admitting stu-dents to universities. 8 Using the College and Beyond (C&B) database collected by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the authors had rich information on more than 80,000 undergraduate students who, as members of one of three cohorts, … %PDF-1.6 Reviewed by Darren Woodruff, American Institutes for Research, Washington, D.C. In one study, Bowen and Bok (1998) reported that 86% of the African Americans at selective colleges were middle or upper class. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY. Laddas ned direkt. The Christian Science Monitor is an international news organization that delivers thoughtful, global coverage via its website, weekly magazine, online daily edition, and email newsletters. stream 1071 0 obj The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. 1998 College Admission and Affirmative Action- Consequences and Alternatives Ihan Kim ... DEREK BOK & WILLIAM BOWEN, THE SHAPE OF THE RIVER: LONG. 0000000662 00000 n Still, the bulk of the material in this book leaves the reader with the sense that the causes are deep and difficult to overcome. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. A pathbreaking book by William Bowen and Derek Bok, published in 1998, was the first to systematically examine how beneficiaries of affirmative action fared. . 1076 0 obj To achieve this goal, since the 1970s, but with increased commit-ment during the 1980s and 1990s, selective institutions gave qualified minority applicants an edge in admission. [���1�zM�v���0�p�. by Scott Williams April 11, 2000. It detracts nary a whit from the accomplishments of either to say that even with the facts they present, the roles race should and does play in college admissions will remain hotly contested. According to Greenberg (2002:526), the nation's 25 most highly selective universities offer about 50,000 slots annually. 9 endobj Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998, 472pp. /Root 1072 0 R Bowen and Bok (1998) reached a different conclusion about affirmative ac-tion, based on higher overall graduation rates for minority students at selective colleges (28 moderately to extremely selective institutions). And because Bowen and Bok's data are limited to the more selective institutions, they have little to tell us about the fates of minority students who never make it to the level of applying to those colleges. Between 1971 and 1996, according to Meredith Phillips and her colleagues, the gap between black and white test scores narrowed considerably, even though minorities were still underrepresented at the very highest levels. 1. In addition to having geographic spread, the 10 NSCE schools include representatives from public universities, private research They argued that empowerment must encourage ↩ 25. /H [ 872 232 ] … “The Transformative Racial Politics of Justice Thomas? 1998. November 1998 ()INTRODUCTION. The landmark New York Times bestseller that demonstrates the benefits of race-conscious admissions in higher education First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok’s The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. Bowen william and derek bok 1998 the shape of the. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998, 472pp. 472 pp. For if a degree from a top college benefits those who receive it as much as Bowen and Bok clearly demonstrate, then those passed over for admission to those colleges really do have cause for complaint. In The Shape of the River (Princeton University Press, 1998; $24.95) William G. Bowen and Derek Bok, '51, have produced a work that could serve as a much-needed curative to that perspective—if only those with loud voices and ill-informed convictions would read it and learn. . Critics of affirmative action say that it is unfair to black students to be forced to compete against whites who are better prepared for demanding academic work. We ought not to forget, they write, that although whites with very high scores may be ''spectacularly well qualified'' for college, blacks with somewhat lower scores are anything but unqualified.